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BAB XII : Pembangunan Koperasi di Negara Berkembang

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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Sejarah kelahiran dan berkembangnya koperasi
di negara maju (barat) dan negara berkembang memang sangat diametral. Di barat
koperasi lahir sebagai gerakan untuk melawan ketidakadilan pasar, oleh karena
itu tumbuh dan berkembang dalam suasana persaingan pasar.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Bahkan dengan kekuatannya itu koperasi meraih
posisi tawar dan kedudukan penting da lam konstelasi kebijakan ekonomi termasuk
dalam perundingan internasional.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Peraturan perundangan yang mengatur koperasi
tumbuh kemudian sebagai tuntutan masyarakat koperasi dalam rangka melindungi
dirinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Di negara berkembang koperasi dirasa perlu
dihadirkan dalam kerangka membangun institusi yang dapat menjadi mitra negara
dalam menggerakkan pembangunan untuk mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Oleh karena itu kesadaran antara kesamaan dan
kemuliaan tujuan negara dan gerakan koperasi dalam memperjuangkan peningkatan
kesejahteraan masyarakat ditonjolkan di negara berkembang, baik oleh pemerintah
kolonial maupun pemerintahan bangsa sendiri setelah kemerdekaan, berbagai
peraturan perundangan yang mengatur koperasi dilahirkan dengan maksud
mempercepat pengenalan koperasi dan memberikan arah bagi pengembangan koperasi
serta dukungan/perlindungan yang diperlukan.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Pembangunan koperasi dapat diartikan sebagai
proses perubahan yang menyangkut kehidupan perkoperasian Indonesia guna
mencapai kesejahteraan anggotanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Tujuan pembangunan koperasi di Indonesia
adalah menciptakan keadaan masyarakat khususnya anggota koperasi agar mampu
mengurus dirinya sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">Permasalahan dalam
Pembangunan Koperasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Koperasi bukan kumpulan modal, dengan demikian
tujuan pokoknya harus benar-benar mengabdi untuk kepentingan anggota dan
masyarakat di sekitarnya. Pembangunan koperasi di Indonesia dihadapkan pada dua
masalah pokok yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Masalah internal koperasi
antara lain: kurangnya pemahaman anggota akan manfaat koperasi dan pengetahuan
tentang kewajiban sebagai anggota. Harus ada sekelompok orang yang punya
kepentingan ekonomi bersama yang bersedia bekerja sama dan mengadakan ikatan
sosial. Dalam kelompok tersebut harus ada tokoh yang berfungsi sebagai penggerak
organisatoris untuk menggerakkan koperasi ke arah sasaran yang benar.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Masalah eksternal koperasi
antara lain iklim yang mendukung pertumbuhan koperasi belum selaras dengan
kehendak anggota koperasi, seperti kebijakan pemerintah yang jelas dan efektif
untuk perjuangan koperasi, sistem prasarana, pelayanan, pendidikan, dan
penyuluhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">Kunci Pembangunan Koperasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Untuk meningkatkan kualitas koperasi,
diperlukan keterkaitan timbal balik antara manajemen profesional dan dukungan
kepercayaan dari anggota.<br />
Mengingat tantangan yang harus dihadapi koperasi pada waktu yang akan datang
semakin besar, maka koperasi perlu dikelola dengan menerapkan manajemen yang
profesional serta menetapkan kaidah efektivitas dan efisiensi. Untuk keperluan
ini, koperasi dan pembina koperasi perlu melakukan pembinaan dan pendidikan
yang lebih intensif untuk tugas-tugas operasional.<br />
Dalam melaksanakan tugas tersebut, apabila belum mempunyai tenaga profesional
yang tetap, dapat dilakukan dengan bekerja sama dengan lembaga-lembaga pendidikan
yang terkait.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Kendala yang dihadapi masyarakat dalam
mengembangkan koperasi di negara berkembang adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">a) Sering koperasi hanya
dianggap sebagai organisasi swadaya yang otonom partisipatif dan demokratis
dari rakyat kecil (kelas bawah) seperti petani, pengrajin, pedagang dan
pekerja/buruh</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">b) Disamping itu ada
berbagai pendapat yang berbeda dan diskusi-diskusi yang controversial mengenai
keberhasilan dan kegagalan seta dampak koperasi terhadapa proses pembangunan
ekonomi social di negara-negara dunia ketiga (sedang berkembang) merupakan alas
an yang mendesak untuk mengadakan perbaikan tatacara evaluasi atas
organisasi-organisasi swadaya koperasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">c) Kriteria ( tolok ukur)
yang dipergunakan untuk mengevaluasi koperasi seperti perkembangan anggota, dan
hasil penjualan koperasi kepada anggota, pangsa pasar penjualan koperasi, modal
penyertaan para anggota, cadangan SHU, rabat dan sebagainya, telah dan masih
sering digunakan sebagai indikator mengenai efisiensi koperasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Konsepsi mengenai sponsor pemerintah dalam
perkembangan koperasi yang otonom dalam bentuk model tiga tahap, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">a) Tahap pertama :
Offisialisasi</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Mendukung perintisan pembentukan Organisasi
Koperasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Tujuan utama selama tahap ini adalah merintis
pembentukan koperasi dari perusahaan koperasi, menurut ukuran, struktur dan
kemampuan manajemennya,cukup mampu melayani kepentingan para anggotanya secara
efisien dengan menawarkan barang dan jasa yang sesuai dengan tujuan dan
kebutuhannya dengan harapan agar dalam jangka panjang mampu dipenuhi sendiri
oleh organisasi koperasi yang otonom.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Terdapat 2 jenis kebijakan dan program yang
berkaitan dengan pengkoperasian, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Kebijakan dan program
pendukung yang diarahkan pada perintisan dan pembentukan organisasi koperasi,
kebijakan dan program ini dapat dibedakan pula, atas kebijakan dan program
khusus misalnya untuk :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">– Membangkitkan motivasi, mendidik dan
melatih para anggota dan para anggota pengurus kelompok koperasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">– Membentuk perusahaan koperasi ( termasuk
latihan bagi para manager dan karyawan)</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">– Menciptakan struktur organisasi koperasi
primer yang memadai ( termasuk sistem kontribusi dan insentif, serta pengaturan
distribusi potensi yang tersedia) dan,</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">– Membangun sistem keterpaduan antar lembaga
koperasi sekunder dan tersier yang memadai.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Kebijakan dan program
diarahkan untuk mendukung perekonomian para anggota, masing-masing, dan yang
dilaksanakan melalui koperasi terutama perusahaan koperasi yang berperan
seperti organisasi-organisasi pembangunan lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">b) Tahap kedua : De
Offisialisasi</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Melepaskan koperasi dari ketergantungannya
pada sponsor dan pengawasan teknis, Manajemen dan keuangan secara langsung dari
organisasi yand dikendalikan oleh Negara.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Tujuan utama dari tahap ini adalah mendukung
perkembangan sendiri koperasi ketingkat kemandirian dan otonomi artinya,
bantuan, bimbingan dan pengawasan atau pengendalian langsung harus dikurangi.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Kelemahan-kelemahan dalam penerapan kebijakan
dan program yang mensponsori pengembangan koperasi :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">1) Untuk membangkitkan motivasi para petani
agar menjadi anggota koperasi desa, ditumbuhkan harapan-harapan yang tidak
realistis pada kerjasama dalam koperasi bagi para anggota dan diberikan
janji-janji mengenai perlakuan istimewa melalui pemberian bantuan pemerintah.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">2) Selama proses pembentukan koperasi
persyaratan dan kriteria yang yang mendasari pembentukan kelompok-kelompok
koperasi yang kuatdan, efisien, dan perusahaan koperasi yang mampu
mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya secara otonom, tidak mendapat pertimbangan
yang cukup.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">3) Karena alas an-alasan administrative,
kegiatan pemerintah seringkali dipusatkan pada pembentukan perusahaan koperasi,
dan mengabaikan penyuluhan, pendidikan dan latihan para naggota, anggota
pengurus dan manajer yang dinamis, dan terutama mengabaikan pula
strategi-strategi yang mendukung perkembangan sendiri atas dasar keikutsertaan
anggota koperasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">4) Koperasi telah dibebani dengan tugas-tugas
untuk menyediakan berbagai jenis jasa bagi para anggotanya (misalnya kredit),
sekalipun langkah-langkah yang diperlukan dan bersifat melengkapi belum
dilakukan oleh badan pemerintah yang bersangkutan (misalnya penyuluhan)</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">5) Koperasi telah diserahi tugas, atau
ditugaskan untuk menangani program pemerintah, walaupun perusahaan koperasi
tersebut belum memiliki kemampuan yang diperlukan bagi keberhasilan pelaksanaan
tugas dan program itu</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">6) Tujuan dan kegiatan perusahaan koperasi
(yang secara administratif dipengaruhi oleh instansi dan pegawai pemerintah)
tidak cukup mempertimbangkan, atau bahkan bertentangan dengan, kepentingan dan
kebutuhan subyektif yang mendesak, dan tujuan-tujuan yang berorientasi pada
pembangunan para individu dan kelompok anggota.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Secara singkat dapat dibedakan tiga tipe
konflik tujuan yang satu sama lain tidak cukup serasi, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Koperasi serba usaha yang
diarahkan untuk melaksanakan membawa pengaruh negatif terhadap kepentingan
anggota atau fungsi-fungsi yang merupakan tugas instansi pemerintah, yang
terhadap loyalitas hubungan antara anggota dan manajer</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Perusahaan koperasi diarahkan
bertentangan dengan kepentngan paraanggota untuk menjual hasil produksi para
anggota engan harga yang lebih rendah dari harga pasar sebagai satu bentuk
sumbangan terhadap stabilisasi harga secara umum.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Mungkin terkandung maksud
atau asumsi bahwa perusahaan koperasi dapat meningkatkan kepentingan yang nyata
atau sesungguhnya dari para anggota dan merangsang perubahan sosial ekonomi
itu,tidak dipertimbangkan secara matang keadaan nyata dari para petani kecil
yang menjadi anggota, struktur lahan dan pola produksi mereka, kebutuhan dan
tujuan mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">Perkembangan koperasi sebagai Organisasi mandiri
yang otonom</span></b><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Setelah berhasil mencapai tingkat swadaya dan
otonom, koperasi-koperasi yang sebelumnya disponsori oleh Negara dan
mengembangkan dirinya sebagai organisasi swadaya koperasi bekerja sama dan
didukung oleh lembaga-lembaga koperasi sekunder dan tersier.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Kesimpulan :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Pendekatan pengembangan koperasi sebagai
instrumen pembangunan terbukti menimbulkan kelemahan dalam menjadikan dirinya
sebagai koperasi yang memegang prinsip-prinsip koperasi dan sebagai badan usaha
yang kompetitif. Reformasi kelembagaan koperasi menuju koperasi dengan
jatidirinya akan menjadi agenda panjang yang harus dilalui oleh koperasi di
Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Dalam kerangka otonomi daerah perlu penataan
lembaga keuangan koperasi (koperasi simpan pinjam) untuk memperkokoh pembiayaan
kegiatan ekonomi di lapisan terbawah dan menahan arus ke luar potensi
sumberdaya lokal yang masih diperlukan. Pembenahan ini akan merupakan elemen
penting dalam membangun sistem pembiayaan mikro di tanah air yang merupakan
tulang punggung gerakan pemberdayaan ekonomi rakyat.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Daftar Pustaka :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://dhonyaditya.wordpress.com/2011/11/23/pembangunan-koperasi-di-negara-berkembang/"><span lang="EN-ID" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">http://dhonyaditya.wordpress.com/2011/11/23/pembangunan-koperasi-di-negara-berkembang/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://nancisitio.blogspot.com/2012/12/pembangunan-koperasi-di-negara.html"><span lang="EN-ID" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">http://nancisitio.blogspot.com/2012/12/pembangunan-koperasi-di-negara.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
</div>

BAB XII : Pembangunan Koperasi di Negara Berkembang

Sejarah kelahiran dan berkembangnya koperasi di negara maju (barat) dan negara berkembang memang sangat diametral. Di barat koperasi la...

18:25

BAB XI : PERAN KOPERASI DI BERBAGAI KEADAAN PERSAINGAN

<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">a. <b><u><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA (perfect competitive
market)</span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Ciri-ciri Pasar Pesaingan Sempurna :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Adanya penjual dan pembeli yang sangat banyak.</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">
Banyaknya penjual dan pembeli menyebabkan masing-masing pihak tidak dapat
mempengaruhi harga. Harga ditentukan oleh mekanisme permintaan dan penawaran di
pasar</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Produk yang dijual perusahaan adalah sejenis (homogen).</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">
Produk yang ditawarkan adalah sama dalam segala hal. Dalam pikiran pembeli,
masing-masing hasil produksi suatu perusahaan dilihat sebagai sebuah substitusi
yang sempurna untuk hasil produksi dari perusahaan lain di pasaran. Akibatnya
penentuan pembelian oleh konsumen tidak tergantung kepada siapa yang menjual
produk tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Perusahaan bebas untuk masuk dan keluar. Masing-masing penjual ataupun
pembeli mempunyai kebebasan untuk masuk dan keluar pasar. Tidak turut sertanya
salah satu pengusaha atau pembeli dalam pasar tersebut, tidak akan berpengaruh
kepada harga pasar, karena jumlah produk yang ditarik/dibeli sedemikian
kecilnya sehingga dapat diabaikan jika dibandingkan dengan total produk yang
terdapat di pasar.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Para pembeli dan penjual memiliki informasi yang sempurna.</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">
Para penjual dan pembeli mempunyai informasi yang lengkap mengenai kondisi
pasar, struktur harga, dan kuantitas barang yang sesungguhnya. Keterangan ini
mudah didapat dan tidak memerlukan biaya yang besar (costless).</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Berdasarkan kondisi di atas, dapat diamati keseimbangan / ekuilibrium
dari suatu badan usaha koperasi untuk jangka waktu pendek, menengah, dan jangka
panjang. Dalam struktur <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">pasar persaingan sempurna,
harga ditentukan oleh keseimbangan permintaan (demand) dengan penawaran (supply).</span></b> Oleh
sebab itu, perusahaan yang bersaing dalam pasar persaingan sempurna disebut
penerima harga (price taker). <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Jadi apabila koperasi masuk dan
menjual produknya ke pasar yang mempunyai struktur bersaing sempurna, maka
koperasi hanya dapat mengikuti harga pasar sebagai harga jual produknya.</span></b> Koperasi
tidak akan dapat mempengaruhi harga, walaupun seluruh produk anggotanya
dikumpul dan dijual melalui koperasi.<br />
Oleh karena itu, persaingan “harga” tidak cocok diterapkan oleh para pelaku
bisnis termasuk koperasi di pasar bersaing sempurna. Untuk mendapatkan
keuntungan yang lebih besar, maka koperasi harus mampu bersaing dalam hal
“biaya”.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><u><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">b. PASAR MONOPOLISTIK ( monopolistik competition )</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Ciri-ciri pasar persaingan monopolistik sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Adanya penjual yang banyak. Namun jumlahnya tidak
sebanyak pasar persaingan sempurna,apabila sudah ada beberapa perusahaan maka
pasar monopolistic sudah dapat <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">terwujud.Yang</span> terpenting
tidak ada satu pun perusahaan yang ukurannya tidak lebih besar dari perusahaan
lain.Keadaan ini menyebabkan produksi perusahaan relative kecil dibandingkan
keseluruhan produksi dalam keseluruhan pasar. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Produk yang dihasilkan
beragam (heterogen). Produk yang dihasilkan
berbeda secara fisik,pengemasan,perbedaan dalam bentuk “jasa perusahaan setelah
penjualan” dan perbedaan dalam cara membayar barang yang dibeli.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Persaingan promosi
penjualan sangat aktif. Harga bukan penentu utama
dari besarnya pasar dari perusahaan-perusahaan dalam pasar <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">monopolistic.Untuk</span> menarik pelanggan perusahaan
melakukan perbaikan mutu dan desain barang,melakukan kegiatan iklan yang
terus-menerus, memberikan syarat penjualan yang menarik,dan sebagainya.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Keluar masuk industry
relative mudah. Tetapi tidak semudah pasar
persaingan sempurna  beberapa faktor yang membedakan yaitu : modal yang
diperlukan relative besar; perusahaan harus menghasilkan barang yang berbeda
dengan yang sudah tersedia di pasar; perusahaan harus mempromosikan barang
tersebut agar memperoleh <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">pelanggan.Jika</span> ada
perusahaan baru ingin memasuki pasar ini maka harus menghasilkan produk yang
yang lebih menarik dari yang sudah ada di pasar.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Perusahaan mempunyai
sedikit kekuasaan mempengaruhi harga. Kekuasaan mempengaruhi
harga ini diakibatkan dari sifat barang yang dihasilkan yaitu bersifat berbeda.Perbedaan
ini membuat pembeli bersifat memilih,yaitu lebih menyukai barang dari suatu
perusahaan tertentu dan kurang menyukai barang dari perusahaan <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">lainnya.Maka</span> apabila perusahaan menaikan harga maka ia
tetap dapat menarik pembeli  dan jika menurunkan harga tidak mudah untuk
menjual semua produk yang dihasilkan.Banyak konsumen masih membeli barang yang
dihasilkan perusahaan walaupun harganya relative mahal.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Oleh karena itu, apabila koperasi ingin memaksimumkan keuntungannya
dalam struktur pasar monopolistic, maka secara teoritis, koperasi harus mampu
menghasilkan produk yang sangat berbeda dengan yang dihasilkan oleh pengusaha
lain. Tentu strategi dan taktik bisnis dalam promosi, sedikit banyak sangat
menentukan perbedaan tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Koperasi harus memberikan tambahan pendapatan kepada anggotanya dan
harus mampu memperbesar kemakmuran anggotanya jika ingin mencapai kesuksesan
pada saat beroperasi di pasar persaingan monopolistik.Asumsi yang mendasari
model persaingan monopolistic secara mutlak sama seperti kompetisi sempurna,
kecuali asumsi mengenai produk yang homogeny. Suatu <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">perbedaan analisis yang membedakan situasi persaingan sempurna
dengan persaingan monopolistik adalah karena keheterogenan produk, sehingga
setiap penjualan dapat berperilaku sebagai monopolistik kecil.</span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">Dibanding dengan pasar persaingan sempurna, koperasi dalam pasar
persaingan monopolistik punya sedikit keunggulan penampilan jangka pendek, jika
kesenjangan kemampuan tidak terlampaui besar.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><u><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">c. PASAR MONOPSONI</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Ciri-ciri pasar monopsoni :</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Banyak terdapat penjual atau produsen</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Harga dan jumlah kuantitas produk yang ditawarkan dikuasai oleh harga
pasar</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Sangat mudah untuk masuk ke pasar</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Tidak butuh strategi dan promosi untuk sukses</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><div>

<span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Adanya hambatan bagi pesaing baru.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Perusahaan yang telah lama
dan memiliki pangsa pasar besar akan memainkan peranan untuk menghambat
perusahaan yang baru masuk ke dalam pasar oligopoly tersebut.Diantaranya adalah
bersifat kolusif, dimana antar pesaing dalam pasar oligopoly membuat beberapa
kesepakatan masalah harga, dan lain-lain. Perusahaan baru akan sulit masuk
pasar karena produk yang mereka tawarkan meskipun mutu dan harganya lebih
unggul, tapi peranan Brand image melalui periklanan mengalahkan hal tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br />

<br /><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Adanya saling ketergantungan antar perusahaan (produsen).</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Keuntungan yang didapatkan
bergantung dari pesaing perusahaan tersebut. Yaitu adanya tarik menarik pangsa
pasar (Market share) untuk mendapatkan profit melalui harga jual bersaing
sehingga tidak ada keuntungan maksimum.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Century Gothic"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Advertensi (periklanan) sangat penting dan intensif.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Untuk menciptakan brand
image, menarik market share dan mencegah pesaing baru.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><br />

<br /><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; padding: 0cm;">Peranan
koperasi dalam pasar jenis oligopoly</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Untuk
mencegah persaingan harga yang ekstrim, beberapa perusahaan atau pemerintah
menetapkan aturan mengenai harga standar sehingga tidak ada persaingan harga
yang <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">mencolok.Peran</span> koperasi di didalam pasar oligopoly
adalah sebagai retailer (pengecer), dikarenakan untuk terjun ke dalam pasar
oligopoly ini diperlukan capital intensive (modal yang tinggi). Koperasi dapat
berperan sebagai pengecer produk berbagai jenis dari beberapa produsen.
Keuntungan diperoleh dari laba penjualan.</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span>

</div>
</div>

BAB XI : PERAN KOPERASI DI BERBAGAI KEADAAN PERSAINGAN

a. PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA (perfect competitive market) Ciri-ciri Pasar Pesaingan Sempurna : Adanya penjual dan pembeli yang sang...

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BAB XII : Pembangunan Koperasi di Negara Berkembang

BAB XI : PERAN KOPERASI DI BERBAGAI KEADAAN PERSAINGAN

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